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Transactional Sex and HIV Risk among Adolescent School Girls in Ethiopia: Mixed Method Study

My gifts Gifts I sent. Soc Dynamic. Mixed study design was employed to explore how and why preparatory students were involved in transactional sex with older men.

The Power of 1. Premarital sexual practice and associated factors among high school youths in Sex dating Jimma town, South Gondar zone, north West Ethiopia, BMC Res Notes.

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Participants in of the in-depth interview also explained the primary motivation of engaging in TS to be financial gain.

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Download references. The requested data were treated strictly confidential and was used Sex dating Jimma for the purpose of this study.

Almost all interviewees explained that there is no way families could see them in action as they act humble in their neighborhood.

Complete information regarding the ethical issue was available in the EDHS report. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Correspondence to Mastewal Arefaynie. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the Sex dating Jimma Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material.

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Arefaynie, M. Determinants of early sexual initiation among female youth in Ethiopia: a multilevel analysis of Ethiopian Demographic and Sex dating Jimma Survey.

xyz ❤️️Jimma sex Free Dating. Dating Site Jimma sex. It seems we can't find​. Table 4: Peer influences on premarital sexual practices of JTTC students, Jimma town, April, Peer influence. -Girls wearing style. -Dating experience of.

BMC Women's Health 20, Download citation. Received : 16 June Accepted : 03 September Published : 14 September Skip to main content. Search all BMC articles Search. Download PDF. Abstract Background Evidences on determinants of early sexual initiation among female youth is still limited especially; community-level factors are not investigated in Ethiopia. Conclusions Age, low educational status, ever chewing Chat, region and live in a high proportion of poor community had a statistical association with early sexual initiation among Sex dating Jimma youth in Ethiopia.

Study sample was Sex dating Jimma selected by computer generated random sampling method from list of students obtained from each of the five randomly selected schools.

Selected students were contacted through their respective schools and were oriented about the study and their random selection. Appointment was made for day of data collection after deep discussion that removed their doubts and cleared Sex dating Jimma misunderstandings. A structured self-administered questionnaire was Sex dating Jimma to collect quantitative data. The instrument was adopted from previous studies [ 1421 — 27 ]. It was designed in English and translated to local language, Amharic, and then back to English by third person to check for internal consistency.

Amharic version of the Sex dating Jimma was used for data collection. Ten female diploma nurses facilitated data collection under two experienced supervisors.

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Sex dating Jimma Data collection in each school took place within a day to avoid possible information contamination. In-depth interview was held until information saturation was reached and average time per interview was 60 minutes. A semistructured open ended topic guide was used to facilitate the interview.

In-depth interviews were tape recorded after obtaning informed consent from each interviewee. Two days intensive training was given to data collectors and supervisors. Moreover, the instrument was pretested on 32 preparatory students from the non-participated school and necessary amendments were made prior to actual data collection. In-depth interviews were took place other than school hours in quiet places to ensure privacy and confidentiality.

The interviews were conducted by the same-gender composition, female interviewer, because this makes sharing ideas easier, especially on highly sensitive topics like the current study topic. Questionnaires were checked for completeness and entered into Epi-Info and then exported to SPSS for further analysis.

Descriptive statistics were first done. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were then carried out to identify factors associated with transactional sex with Sex dating Jimma daddy'. Tape rRecords and notes from in-depth interviews were transcribed and Sex dating Jimma verbatim from local language to English by individuals fluent in both languages after reviewing and familiarization.

Translated data were saved in a text format and analyzed by OpenCode software. Coding process involved identifying major themes in each of the transcripts. Identified themes were compared across transcripts Sex dating Jimma determine differences and similarities in perspectives of study participants on TS and driving factors influencing their decisions. Eight different categories were developed from which one general theme was constituted Table 1. Codes and categories identified in the qualitative analysis of preparatory students in Hawassa, south Ethiopia, Sex dating Jimma violence: any sexual act, attempt to Sex dating Jimma a sexual act, unwanted sexual comments, or advances directed against a person's sexuality using coercion, by any person regardless of their Sex dating Jimma to the victim, in any setting not limited to home and work.

Knowledge about HIV prevention or transmission—respondents that knew and answered at least three ways of HIV prevention or transmission correctly with no misconception were considered as knowledgeable.

A total of students agreed to participate in the study making a response rate of Mean age of participants was About two-thirds Almost all respondents On the other hand, 9.

Regarding methods of HIV prevention, almost all In general, almost half More than half Among respondents who ever had a boyfriend, About fifth of the study participants had sexual intercourse prior to the survey. More than one-third About half Most Among respondents involved in TS, Participants in of the in-depth interview also explained the primary motivation of engaging in TS to be financial gain.

Most respondents said young men of their age are usually at school, have a difficulty of Sex dating Jimma money, and mostly approach them for a free sexual favor. One in-depth interview participant indicated the situation as follows:. But we need to enjoy life the way other rich students do. You know, we want to have fun as a teenager. So, we don't care about his age, what matters most is his wallet.

You may not believe where they took us……the fanciest places of the town. Most of the interviewed girls nvolved in a sexual relationship with older men in order to get money for in essentials like chilling with friends and brand new clothes.

The students have also Sex dating Jimma negative peer influence as a driving force for engaging in TS. When I saw my friends look nice, wearing brand clothes, I also want to have one.

Please don't kill your time rather use your body and make some money' so these things initiate me. In some occasions, my friends might ask me to eat food in a restaurant and Sex dating Jimma I do not have money, I do not have the gut to go in there.

I don't want to be separated from my friends; it is so weird.

Individual-level factors significantly associated with early sexual their sexual intercourse before they celebrate their 18 birth date [3, 5, 11,12,13,14,15]. sexual behaviors among preparatory school students in Jimma zone. Gibe social and sexual relationship history survey , Jimma Zone, Ethiopia. Youth who Coercive sexuality in dating relationships: A situational model.

So I got in transactional sex and managed to earn some money. However, most of the interviewed girls shared similar perception on why older men are interested in TS with them.

Their opinions go around the men's marriage, and the majority of participants used the following expression:. However, they Sex dating Jimma it because it is exciting and exhilarating. Maybe he is stuck in an unhappy marriage; maybe he has been married for years and had a family. He cannot divorce, because he still has some sense Sex dating Jimma love to his wife, and couldn't see her get hurted. A lucky girl can get showered with gifts, and enjoy meals at best tables in town.

My dates began offering gifts; first, I was horrified, it seemed so immoral. But, once I'd convinced myself of moral justification, I started to enjoy it. Some were even victim who was unaware of the sexual conduct rather than willingly engaging in sex with an older man. One participant narrated her experience as follows:. She never wore what she Sex dating Jimma yesterday. She took me to her house and told me her little secret, how she earned money.

He obliged me to drink until I got tired. Then, I do not know where he took me and what he did; I woke up naked. I was scared and cried as I did not have any sexual experience before.

I called my friend, and she took care of me. After a month of dilemma, my friend convinced me Sex dating Jimma date sugar daddies and make money like her.

Majority of their parallel partners were young employees Only 8. When respondents asked about the duration of transactional relationship with older men, most Sex dating Jimma them said it did not last long. However, I personally don't like to stick to one man even if he is rich. With regards to getting money, it is good to change them. I do not like a fixed relationship, and I do not have a regular boyfriend but sometimes I went out with my classmates.

But it was not a fixed one and they knew it very well; we did it because we knew each other.

But, once I'd convinced myself of moral justification, I started to enjoy it.

The qualitative result also revealed that many young women have a concurrent relationship with older men and other fixed boyfriend among same age partners. Yeah, I have a boyfriend, a third-year university student. He is the one that I am serious with…we do sex without a condom. For instance, he Sex dating Jimma came to me to say goodbye as he was going to see his family who lives in other city.

By then, we could not get a condom and did sex without it. Despite perceived advantages girls associate to it, TS carries substantial risks. Majority of respondents understood they Sex dating Jimma practicing risky sexual behavior, but they never bother about risks such relationship could bear as their current benefits outweigh the risk.

My friend was infected. However, she is still in the business and had never disclosed her status. Only Trusting their partners and partner refusal were the main reasons. Reasons for not using a condom were partner's refusal and trust. Similarly, Sexual violence Sex dating Jimma also a common event in TS as reported by The most common Thus, it was unlikely for Sex dating Jimma girls to convince those men and use condom consistently.

One informant explained the situation:. Most of them did not want to use condom. Their reasons were they got tired quickly, it did not give them comfort, and some even accused me of not trusting them.

Despite my effort to convince them, in case they use force; obviously, I cannot Sex dating Jimma them back; and there were times when I failed. Some guys never want to hear about condom.

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Among respondents who had sex with older men, As respondents explained, sugar daddies wanted them to get drunk to forget their age gap and relax with them. There are some more like Shisha We use substances to avoid fear.

It gives us strength to do hardcore. Almost all interviewees explained that there is no way families could see them in action as they act humble in their neighborhood. Some tell their parents that they were at library or doing an assignment in their girlfriends' home when they have planning to meet older partners. There was a time that my dad used to hear some gossips from neighbors. When he asked me I yelled back saying 'do not you trust me? You joke about it and it is over.

You must be decent at home though; always obedient. Those in the age group of years had about seven times [OR: 6. Similarly, respondents who had lost both parents had about three times [OR: 2. Participants from perceived middle income family had two times [OR: 2. Respondents who used substances were about seven times [OR: 6.

Qualitative findings of the study also supported the results of the quantitative survey. The present study found that majority of the participants started sex at a younger age. Substance use often facilitated these encounters, which was also reported in the previous studies [ 28 — 30 ]. This risky sexual behavior put the girls and Sex dating Jimma entire sexual network including schoolmates at risk of Sex dating Jimma [ 31 ].

In accordance with previous research, most girls had TS for material gain, and peer influence was also a great motivator for these risky behaviors [ 32 ]. Median age at first sexual debut in this study was 17 years, and it is in agreement with Sex dating Jimma national level With the increase in age of marriage, the involvement of girls in high school also has increased.

In such conditions the chances of girls to have their sexual debut before marriage is high as documented elsewhere in Ethiopia [ 33 ]. Pressure to be sexually adventurous and prove manhood is quite pervasive in Africa. These norms encourage older men Sex dating Jimma have sexual relations with younger women, which allow them to Sex dating Jimma more sexual partners than women, and increase acceptance and justification of violence against women.

Therefore, it is not shocking that men force sex and have multiple concurrent relationships outside Sex dating Jimma [ 34 ]. About tenth This result might be underreported due to cultural influences that stigmatize girls having sex before marriage especially for financial or material benefits. Grievance for a fancy lifestyle has motivated girls Sex dating Jimma engage in multiple concurrent partnerships with older men primarily for economic reasons [ 143536 ]. The material exchange accompanying sexual encounters may be interpreted as a loving gesture, but it may also express an unloving and calculating relationship, meaning most girls seek TS with older men purely for monetary gain.

Studies in Sub-Saharan Sex dating Jimma show adolescents are vulnerable to socioeconomic deprivations and sexual and reproductive health risks that are often associated with poverty.

Data cleaning was conducted to check for the consistency with the EDHS descriptive report.

Thus, students from perceived wealthy family were less likely to be involved in TS than middle- and poor-income families. Previous studies Sex dating Jimma the association between poor economic status and risky sexual behavior [ 61337 ] that family's income predicted girls' sexual relations with older men.

Qualitative studies that were done in USA [ 37 ] and Tanzania [ 13 ] similarly revealed that a girl does not engage in Sex dating Jimma without money or other material benefit. The second reason to have sex with older men was peer influence which was also supported by the study conducted in South Africa among grade 11 and 12 students [ 20 ].

Such relationship Sex dating Jimma an older man who is more likely to have Sex dating Jimma steady income can provide the girls access to material wealth such as expensive clothes and shoes. It is well documented that the number and types of sexual partners influence the risk of acquiring HIV.

The practice of multiple sexual partners is among major predisposing factors for the infection [ 40 ]. What is worse is that still girls who reported involvement in TS counted more than five partners in their lifetime; huge at their age but expected as this type of relations does not last long.

Single Jimma Men In Ethiopia Interested In Sex Dating

They date several men to get more financial benefit in exchange [ 13 ]. In-depth interview participants also supported this finding declaring trend of concurrent Sex dating Jimma sequential multiple sexual partners among students who dated older men for more financial or material support. Qualitative studies from Tanzania [ 13 ] and USA [ 37 ] also found the same outcome.

In this study, only In other words, Subordinate Sex dating Jimma of women may force girls to endure abusive and violent relationships with older men in order to secure Sex dating Jimma gains. A significant association exists between the large age gap and unsafe sex practice. Those who dated older sexual partner with ten or more year's gap had decreased odds of condom use than those who had partner less than ten years gap.

This finding is in agreement with a study from Kenya that revealed the negative influence of higher age gap on condom Sex dating Jimma [ 7 ]. This was also evidenced by other studies [ 6134546 ]. The qualitative findings of the present study also explored that TS with older men had lowest probability of condom use. Young girls will do whatever their older partners asked for to please them and earn more money.

Even if the girl Sex dating Jimma to use condom, power imbalance between them will leave her with no option than sacrificing herself and satisfying his interests.

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Substance abuse was also related to an increased likelihood of TS, and the association is explained by various studies [ 47 — 52 ]. This finding may reflect the cross-sectional nature of the study and differences in a time frame for measures, as it was not possible to determine the timing of substance use in relation to TS involvement.

Thus the fact that they frequently cooccur does not necessarily mean that substance use causes TS; Sex dating Jimma causal direction could be the opposite. Students could be using substances as a coping mechanism in response to experiencing TS Sex dating Jimma 53 ]. Meaning, substance use could be associated with TS both as a risk and coping mechanism. As participants of in-depth interview stated that they engaged in TS knowledgeably as financial and material gain outweighs to them than the risks.

A study done in Kenya also revealed that young girls who had been involved in TS with older men rank other needs above the risk of HIV infection [ 54 ]. This study shared the limitations of cross-sectional studies: the causal relationships between variables cannot be determined. We relied on participants' self-reports and there is a possibility of social desirability bias; hence, girls may have underreported sexual experiences [ 55 ]. Students engaged in TS were at risk of HIV infection due to subsequent and concurrent multiple sexual partners and inconsistent condom use.

Girls engaged in Sex dating Jimma type of sexual relation were not only at risk of HIV and other STIs for themselves, but they put their partners and the youth society in general at risk while they also carry the risk of having unwanted pregnancy. While empowering girls and their families to generate adequate income is important for the long Sex dating Jimma, equipping girls with life skills that help them resist negative peer influence, negotiate safe sex, and know their HIV status should be done as a short term goal.

Schools and families also need to collaborate and Sex dating Jimma problems among students to control the risk associated with TS and increase girls' sense of self-worth.

J Sex Med.

Future longitudinal studies are also needed to examine causal associations and potential mediating influences of risk and promotive factors on TS. We are grateful to Addis Sex dating Jimma University for the financial support to this study and all study Sex dating Jimma for their commitment in responding to our questionnaire.

Addis Ababa University has covered the per diem for data collectors. Mixed study design was employed to explore how and why preparatory students were involved in transactional sex with older men. Around a tenth of respondents had reported involvement in transactional Sex dating Jimma with "sugar daddy"'. These students had multiple sexual partners, and majority of them had inconsistent condom use.

Students in older age group, who lost both parents and had perceived less economic status had higher odds of reporting transactional sex. In conclusion, HIV prevention programs shall focus on transactional sex with "sugar daddy" to halt HIV transmission among adolescent school girls.

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Social Biology. TS related sexual behaviors are not well explored in Ethiopia. About tenth