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The estimation of active social network size of the Iranian population. One source is the count of clients receiving a service from a facility or organisation catered towards FSW Prostitutes Kerman a specified period. Larney, S.

Results: We found that Longer sex work career AOR 2. Conclusion: Drug use is frequent among Iranian FSW, particularly among those who experienced sexual violence, unstable housing or incarceration. Programs to reduce harms associated with drug and poly-drug Prostitutes Kerman should target FSW as a priority population.

Abstract Objective: This study examines the prevalence of Prostitutes Kerman and poly-drug use and their associated factors among female sex workers FSW in Iran.

The FSW point estimate fell between 2. Averaging the various multipliers see S1 Table in each city, the overall median proportion of FSW among adult women was 0. Prostitutes Kerman

The lowest estimate was 0. Of note, the proportion fell below 1. FSW prevalence ranged from 0. The FSW Prostitutes Kerman was between 1. Fig 2 Prostitutes Kerman the final city-level estimates for the proportion of FSW among the female population aged 15 to 49 years old.

The proportion ranged from 0. Using the median of the 13 city-level estimates of 1. Considering the total population of women aged 15—49 years in the remaining 18 provincial capital cities in Iran i.

Table 2.

The synthesis of our data suggests that one in 70 urban Iranian women age 15—49 years 1. This translates to nearly one-quarter of a million women. Given the estimated HIV prevalence of 2. As of SeptemberIranian Prostitutes Kerman records indicate 2, women reported with HIV were infected through heterosexual transmission [ 22 ].

Given that most of the identified cases of women were infected through sex with their injection drug using partners, it is likely that most FSW Prostitutes Kerman with HIV in Iran Prostitutes Kerman undiagnosed and outside of care and treatment. The consistency of estimates observed across the cities and methods increases the confidence in the robustness of our estimates. Our estimates are also in line with international and regional figures.

Drug use patterns and associated factors among female sex workers in Iran

For example, in their review of FSW population size estimates in different regions, Vandepitte et al. While no data were reported from the Middle East, the proportion in Asia ranged between Prostitutes Kerman.

Our data-driven estimate for urban Iran, however, is considerably higher than the former expert-driven national population size estimate of 80, FSW [ 4 ], which falls in the lower end of the international range 0. Of note, this expert-driven figure falls below our lower uncertainty intervalMoreover, a recent paper on the population size of FSW in Tehran that Prostitutes Kerman a direct capture-recapture method Prostitutes Kerman 23 ], estimated a total of to FSW in Their estimate looks to be more generalizable to a Prostitutes Kerman neighborhoods in the south of Tehran, not the whole city, and also Prostitutes Kerman to be very underestimated given the dependency between the capture and recapture rounds.

While the conservative context of Iran may reduce the visibility of sex work in the country, our findings are comparable with the narrow body of evidence on FSW size estimation studies in similar contexts. For example, a data synthesis of several PSE methods i. This finding should be interpreted with caution given the subjectiveness of the method and its succeptibility to several biases and unmeasured influences which may lead to under- or over- estimations. Considering the highly criminalized and stigmatised nature of sex work in Iran [ 6 ], FSW might Prostitutes Kerman exaggerated the estimates in an effort to normalize their sex work practice.

In this scenario, the more uncommon sex work is in an area, the more Prostitutes Kerman may overstate Prostitutes Kerman issue.

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The fact that WOTC-driven estimates were negatively but non-significantly correlated with the estimates obtained from the multiplier and NSU methods Prostitutes Kerman provide this Prostitutes Kerman with some support.

On the other hand, feelings of isolation might result in under-estimation using the WOTC method. Indeed, the major assumption of the WOTC method is that for the respondents to know the true numbers of FSW in their town which is challenging to verify.

Estimating the number of people who inject drugs, female sex workers, and men who have sex with men, Unguja Island, Zanzibar: results and synthesis of multiple methods.

Overall, the direction of the bias for WOTC is unknown and needs further assessment in future studies. Conversely, the multiplier method yielded the lowest estimates. This Prostitutes Kerman be due to the lack of independence between the two data sources informing the estimation i. Indeed, we recruited participants for the current IBBS from the same facilities where the previous round.

Prostitutes Kerman positive correlations could be present for counts from the Prostitutes Kerman welfare organisation services, HIV testing, and the distribution of the unique objects. The NSU results were the closest to the median of the three methods, although this was not necessarily true for all city-level estimates.

While our findings might imply that the NSU method yields the most unbiased estimates with the least variability compared to the other two methods, we acknowledge that a gold standard PSE method is non-existent and therefore the NSU findings should also be interpreted with caution.

In addition to the potential biases of each method mentioned above, we acknowledge other limitations of our study. Our number were projected for women age 15—49 years, however, an unknown but important proportion of FSW might be younger than 15 or older than While we assume that most sex work occurs in the larger cities, our findings are also of limited generalisability to smaller cities Prostitutes Kerman rural areas in Iran.

As no single method can be definitively shown to be a gold Prostitutes Kerman or superior to other methods, we believe our current estimate to be Prostitutes Kerman data-driven than prior attempts [ 4 ] and a good first step Prostitutes Kerman improving our understanding of the population size of FSW in Iran.

Globally, female sex workers (FSW) are at risk for numerous HIV, HSV2 and syphilis prevalence in female sex workers in Kerman, south-east. We estimated the prevalence of HIV, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and risky behaviors among female sex workers (FSW) in Kerman.

Our national and city-level estimates of FSW population based on multiple methods provided a more evidenced-based and robust estimation of the Prostitutes Kerman number of FSW in Iran. This population denominator can inform modeling exercises aimed at estimating the number of women living with HIV among this marginalized population. Our findings can be used to advocate for and Prostitutes Kerman resources Prostitutes Kerman prevent from further transmission Prostitutes Kerman HIV among FSW and their network of clients and other partners.

While acknowledging uncertainties, our estimates of the number of female sex workers in Iranian cities provide a foundation for planning specialised HIV services. Without a clearer sense of the number of FSW, progress in the response to Prostitutes Kerman epidemic may be masked by a general population estimate towards achieving the UNAIDS goals. In fact, our population size estimates, combined with prevalence data from IBBS surveys, indicate that current approaches are falling far short of meeting these goals for FSW.

Our population size estimates provide realistic targets for macro- and micro- level planning of HIV prevention and care delivery programmes in the major cities of Iran. As the first population size estimation of FSW in the Middle East, our findings highlight the feasibility of the approaches in similar settings and should be Prostitutes Kerman an Prostitutes Kerman part of national HIV prevention programmes for this population throughout the region. We are also grateful to provincial supervisors, participants, investigators and staff of facilities and also outreach workers for their logistic support.

Browse Subject Areas? Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field. Abstract Introduction Estimating the number of key populations at risk of HIV is essential for planning, monitoring, and evaluating prevention, care, and treatment programmes.

Methods We used three population size estimation methods i. Prostitutes Kerman Using methods of comparable rigor, our study provided a data-driven national estimate of the population Prostitutes Kerman of FSW in urban areas of Iran. Introduction Estimating the size of key populations at risk for HIV e. Methods Overall study design, data sources, and setting We used three population size estimation methods to estimate the number of FSW in Iran. Download: PPT. Fig 1.

Drug use patterns and associated factors among female sex workers in Iran

Location of Prostitutes Kerman cities for the bio-behavioural survey of female sex workers, Iran, Multiplier method We also integrated the service and unique object multiplier methods [ 39 ] into the IBBS surveys to estimate the number of FSW in the 13 cities. The service or object count together with the Prostitutes Kerman of FSW who report using the service or receiving the object in the IBBS are used Prostitutes Kerman calculate the total population size using the following formula Prostitutes Kerman 3 ]: 1 Prostitutes Kerman N is the estimated total population size of FSW, P is the proportion of those who reported receiving the necklace or the service, and M is the total number of necklaces distributed or count of FSW who received the service.

Network scale-up method The NSU method for population size estimation is based on the assumption that the prevalence of a risky behavior within the social networks of a representative sample of the general population reflects the prevalence in the whole population. The crude population size of FSW was Prostitutes Kerman using the following formula [ 19 ]: 3 Where t is the total adult 15—49 female population of each city, c is the average social network size of the participants, m is the number of FSW known the participants, N is the population size of FSW, and i index stands for the respondent group, the general population surveyed.

Ethical considerations All participants provided verbal consent after the study purpose, procedures, potential harm, and benefits were explained to them by a study staff member.

Population size estimation of female sex workers in Iran: Synthesis of methods and results

Table Prostitutes Kerman. Population size estimates of female sex workers in 12 of 13 study cities in Iran using the wisdom of crowds method, Prostitutes Kerman Multiplier estimates Averaging the various multipliers see S1 Table in each city, the overall median proportion of FSW among adult women was 0. Table 2. Population size estimates of female sex workers in 12 of 13 study cities in Iran using median of different multipliers methods, Table 3.

Population size estimates of female sex workers in 13 study cities in Iran using the network scale-up method, Fig 2. Proportion of female sex workers in the population of women 15—49 years old in 13 Iranian Prostitutes Kerman, Discussion The synthesis of our data suggests that one in 70 urban Iranian women age 15—49 years 1.

Conclusions Our national and city-level estimates of FSW population based on multiple methods provided a more evidenced-based and robust estimation of the total number of FSW in Prostitutes Kerman. Supporting information. S1 Table. The population size of female sex workers in 13 cities in Iran using Prostitutes Kerman multiplier method, S1 File.

NSU Questionnaire Farsi. S2 File. NSU Questionnaire English. S3 File. S4 File. References 1.

Globally, female sex workers (FSW) are at risk for numerous HIV, HSV2 and syphilis prevalence in female sex workers in Kerman, south-east. PDF | We estimated the prevalence of HIV, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and risky behaviors among female sex workers (FSW) in Kerman City, | Find.

Accessed January 3, Estimating the size of key populations: current status Prostitutes Kerman future Prostitutes Kerman. Incorporating the service multiplier method in respondent-driven sampling surveys to estimate the size of hidden and hard-to-reach populations: case studies from around the world.

Sexually transmitted diseases. HIV prevalence and related risk behaviours among female sex workers in Iran: results of the national biobehavioural survey,

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To add to what we have discussed about the prevalence of current STI infections in FSW, we should emphasis that the history of STI syndromes even genital ulcer or vaginal discharge in the recent year was three to four times more than the detected prevalence of HSV2 and syphilis. Prevalence of some sexually transmitted infections in a family planning service.