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Experience of violence among street prostitutes: a qualitative study in Shiraz, Iran

Data were analysed according to conventional content analysis CCA. In order to collect data, the researcher informed the participants about the aims of the study.

Family members usually consult Khale regarding psychological, sexual and marital problems. Similarly, in the underground world of prostitution, Khale plays the same role in exchange for money and protection. Based on FSW's statements, they prefer to work with a female pimp, since they are more powerful when Prostitutes Shiraz comes to bargaining and protection.

Customers pay attention to her words and are afraid of her. Therefore, in the presence of a Khale, customers cannot assault the sex workers and she can force them to use condom. However, there is a flip side to this coin; male and female pimps exploit prostitutes so unfairly that hidden slavery is formed.

They impose a heavy cost for their service, hence the fact that many prostitutes prefer to work alone or in a group, Prostitutes Shiraz all Prostitutes Shiraz consequences. When I go with a costumer alone, Prostitutes Shiraz know that the whole thing is mine. But if I go with a Khale, she takes half. As Prostitutes Shiraz statement shows, underground slavery is unacceptable for sex workers; therefore, they prefer to work alone despite all the potential violence they may have to endure.

Underground slavery leads to the violation of their boundaries.

Ahmad Kalateh Sadati Department of Sociology, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran · Nooshin Zarei Shiraz HIV/AIDS Research Center, Institute of Health. Background: The trade of prostitution is familiar with unprotected sex, which is the themes based on 18 FSWs referral to a Drop-In Centre (DIC) of Shiraz, Iran.

Due to this fact, only four participants in this study still work with a pimp. The goal of this study was to explore the experience of violence among 18 FSWs.

Results showed that their experience was not only limited to the time of prostitution, but many of the participants had experienced several forms of violence and abuse before entering this trade.

Nonetheless, due to the illegal nature of this trade, experiencing violence comes full complex. In this context, anyone who has entered this trade is fully prepared and aware of its dangers. They know that in any sexual Prostitutes Shiraz, at least one potential form of violence may occur, be it physical, sexual, psychological, barbaric, deceptive, or robbery-related.

Accordingly, they try to protect themselves by seeking refuge in a male or female pimp, a process called underground slavery. On the other hand, since pimps exploit these FSW's unfairly, many of them prefer to take the chance and work alone, being fully aware of its potential hazards.

Since they are exposed to violence from different aspects, they live in constant fear, which they have gotten used to. Other studies have Prostitutes Shiraz that among sex workers, violence can take different forms, such as emotional, Prostitutes Shiraz and sexual, 2 financial 30 and Prostitutes Shirazphysical and psychological. The study on Ankara's Prostitutes Shiraz sex workers showed that Also, Okala Bout has studied Kenya's female sex workers and indicated that identifying potentially violent clients, finding safer working areas and minimizing conflict with the police are three skills used to avoid the threats of violence.

However, the majority Prostitutes Shiraz the participants accepted violence because they believed pimps were unfair. From a social sciences point of view and in relation to the three theoretical views on violence, it seems that the results of this research are in line with the interactional 9 and symbolic violence 1112 theories. Violence among these women is relational because prostitution takes place in underground situations. Thus, the relationship between FSWs and their clients is Prostitutes Shiraz unbalanced, and that is why FSWs have been trying to use Khale or pimp to protect themselves.

In addition, results showed that prostitution involves symbolic violence. Prostitution as an unlawful and illegitimate work, does not include any social support and these women do not have any social capital to cling to.

Therefore, society represents symbolic violence against these women, Prostitutes Shiraz is of course, relevant to the illegitimacy of this behavior. This study showed that FSWs encounter several forms of violence, of which social support institutions, specifically social service and social emergence teams must be aware.

They should be prepared for a timely action for preventing each menacing event, specifically concerning barbaric violence. In addition, these institutions need to geographically know these marginalized people and monitor them as much as Prostitutes Shiraz. Further proposed are providing the material needs of these groups, removing the structural causes of the prostitution, strengthening the family institution and educating them for all threats.

Here, the role of social work experts can be conducive to this marginalized group. These vulnerable groups should be monitored and protected against potential hazards as much as possible, as they can become problematic for society in many aspects, such as family values, addiction and sexually transmitted diseases. At the same time, societies have to find a solution based on their cultural values, knowing it is impossible to deny the fact that Prostitutes Shiraz trade has been an imperative part of any society.

Based on religious evidence and Prostitutes Shiraz, it seems that Prostitutes Shiraz issue can be rectified also highlighting Prostitutes Shiraz pivotal role of clergymen in this scenario. We recommend that future quantitative research evaluate the frequencies and causes of such forms of violence.

In addition, this issue can be considered regarding other Prostitutes Shiraz relationships in the society, such as couples and other forms of relationships. Because violence in this group FSW is related to the general context of the society, other studies are suggested for Prostitutes Shiraz the social Prostitutes Shiraz affecting the violence against women in the society.

Among the limitations of the study, there were some of the technical Prostitutes Shiraz during data gathering, and, more importantly, the lack of knowledge about violence among FSW in Iran. Further required are more quantitative studies on the subject, and more information about the experience Prostitutes Shiraz violence among all women Prostitutes Shiraz men in Iran. In Prostitutes Shiraz context of our study, we demonstrated that FSW's are exposed to different forms of violence as a result of being marginalized.

These people are continuously exposed to different kinds of violence, such as physical, physiological, sexual, barbaric, Prostitutes Shiraz deception, and robbery.

As a result of the concomitant fears, they seek refuge in a pimp as a hidden slaver. After a while, when they realize Prostitutes Shiraz their pimps are also exploiting them unfairly, they prefer to work independently, fully knowing that they will be exposed to potential violence.

In this regard, policy makers can be the determining factors in changing this situation according to religious and cultural values of the society by paying attention Prostitutes Shiraz the financial aspect of the problem. This research was supported by a grant No. The researchers would like to thank all of the participants in the study. Competing interests: None declared. Prostitutes Shiraz Center for Biotechnology InformationU. J Inj Violence Res.

Find articles by Prostitutes Shiraz Kalateh Prostitutes Shiraz. Find articles by Nooshin Zarei. Find articles by Hossein Argasi. Find articles by Seyed Taghi Heydari. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Received May 17; Accepted Nov Copyright notice. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3. Methods: This is a conventional content study conducted on 18 street sex workers in Shiraz, Iran.

Results: The present study observed that sex workers had extensive experience in five forms of violence: physical, barbaric, psychological, sexual, deception and robbery. Conclusions: To improve the general health of this group, it is recommended that they be supported by social institutions and be provided with psychological consultations.

Keywords: Sex workers, Violence experience, Qualitative study, Iran. Introduction Violence has several forms, one of which is violence against women. Methods This is a qualitative content analysis study Prostitutes Shiraz inin Shiraz, Iran. Results About 87 codes, 15 subcategories and 6 categories were extracted from the data. Physical Twelve people had experienced physical violence such as being beaten with a stick, belt and a slap on the face.

Barbaric Barbaric violence, a type of inhumane physical violence, can become so severe as to threaten life. Psychological Psychological violence, also common among prostitutes, can take the forms of permanent fear, feeling of guilt in certain cases, emotional suppression by other family members, and worrying about drug or alcohol abuse on the part of customers which can ultimately lead to emotional or mental trauma. Sexual Sexual Prostitutes Shiraz is any act or attempt to perform a sexual act through violence or force, also called molestation.

A year-old sex worker said: Prostitutes Shiraz of them want to have oral sex; I ask them to use a condom when I suck it for them. Deception and robbery Act of deception occurs when the prostitute is not paid adequately or at all for her services.

When I was a kid, my mom died and my dad got married a year later.

One of the participants referred to one of her friends who had a bitter experience of sexual abuse with deception and robbery: "Customers hit her and took her cell phone and money. As this statement shows, prostitutes sometimes experience all forms of violence. Hidden slavery As these themes show, prostitutes experience different kinds of violence.

Discussion The goal of Prostitutes Shiraz study was to explore the experience of violence among Prostitutes Shiraz FSWs. Implications This study showed that FSWs encounter several forms of violence, of which social support institutions, specifically social service and social emergence teams must be aware. Conclusion In the context of our study, we demonstrated that FSW's are exposed to different forms of violence as a result of being marginalized.

Acknowledgment This research was supported by a grant No. References 1. Violence against women and HI. PLoS One. Prevalence and structural correlates of gender based violence among a prospective cohort of female sex workers. Partner violence and HIV risk among female sex workers in China. AIDS Behav. Sexual violence against female sex Prostitutes Shiraz in The Prostitutes Shiraz a cross-sectional examination of the associations between victimization and reproductive, sexual and mental health.

BMC Prostitutes Shiraz Health. Sex work and drug Prostitutes Shiraz in a subculture of violence. The reasons for the emergence of violent Prostitutes Shiraz and attempted murder from the perspective of male killers: a qualitative study. Prostitutes Shiraz J. Sociological theories of intimate partner violence. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment. Collins R. Violence: A micro-sociological theory. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, Weininger EB. Pierre Bourdieu on social class and Prostitutes Shiraz violence.

Alternative foundations of class Analysis. Nicolaescu AC. Euromentor Journal-Studies About Education. Udasmoro W. Symbolic violence in everyday narrations: gender construction in Indonesian television.

Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities. Shannon K, Csete J. Sanders T, Campbell R. Designing out vulnerability, building in respect: violence, safety Prostitutes Shiraz sex work policy. Br J Sociol. Accuracy of HIV-related risk behaviors Prostitutes Shiraz by female sex workers, Iran: a method to quantify measurement bias in marginalized populations. The effect of some social factors on tendency of women to prostitution in Tehran City. How sex work becomes an option: Experiences of female sex workers in Kerman, Iran.

Population size estimation of female sex workers in Iran: Synthesis of methods and results. PloS One. Zargooshi J. Characteristics of gonorrhoea in Kermanshah, Iran. Sex Transm Infect. Temporary marriage: attitude and Prostitutes Shiraz in Iran. Mahboobi E. Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research. The world report on violence and health. Association between violence exposure and condom non-use among transgender sex workers in Prostitutes Shiraz Dominican Republic: the mediating role of trust.

Policing the epidemic: high Prostitutes Shiraz of workplace violence among female sex workers in conflict-affected northern Uganda. Glob Public Health. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. Liu M. Client-inflicted violence and coping strategies among sex workers in China.

Thaller J, Cimino AN. The Prostitutes Shiraz is mine: reframing intimate partner violence and sex work as intersectional spaces of gender-based violence. Violence Against Women. Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research. Lim LL. Prostitutes Shiraz sex sector: The economic and social bases of prostitution in Southeast Asia.

In the conventional content analysis, Prostitutes Shiraz categories are derived directly from the text data Each subcategory included a few meaning Prostitutes Shiraz and Prostitutes Shiraz category included some interrelated subcategories. For validation, an important approach was member check during data gathering 11 This method was used since the availability of the subjects was in doubt.

In addition, trustworthiness of the Prostitutes Shiraz was observed during the study and specifically during data analysis This study was based on the ethical codes of the American sociological association 13 and 7th revision of the Declaration of Helsinki about research ethics Based on these considerations and the ethics of research, the privacy of participants was taken into consideration, and their names were not disclosed.

The results of interviews with 18 FSWs showed that the youngest age at the initiation of prostitution was 15 and the oldest age was 37 years old with an average of The results showed that the majority of the clients did not like to have safe sex.

They did not use a condom or did not like to use it. Despite Prostitutes Shiraz, all the participants tried to convince their clients to use a condom.

Participants said that even though they had unprotected sex in the past, but now all of Prostitutes Shiraz tried to have safe sex. There were 2 main reasons why they tried to have safe sex, which was illegal pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases. They believed that illegal pregnancy was bad because their new-born does not have any legitimate status Prostitutes Shiraz the society. Thus, in this situation, most of these pregnancies led to an abortion.

Since abortion is illegal, it is performed underground under high-risk conditions and may be life-threatening. On the other hand, sex workers were concerned about sexually transmitted diseases, such as HIV and hepatitis.

Many of them had adequate knowledge about sexually transmitted diseases due to comprehensive packages provided by the DIC. Nonetheless, having safe sex is not as easy as it is said. Having said that, many of their clients tried to have unprotected sex.

They said that the majority of their clients force Prostitutes Shiraz to have unprotected sex and they usually bargain and insist on having unprotected sex. Generally, this bargaining process ends with the victory of the FSWs and their clients accept Prostitutes Shiraz a condom. However, this bargaining is hazardous for prostitutes.

Analysis of the statements revealed that there were 5 issues that determined the bargaining process, which were as follows. Unprotected sex is more expensive than safe sex. This means that clients preferred unprotected sex for more pleasure Prostitutes Shiraz if they had to pay more money. Since money is a motivational factor, FSWs are willing to have unprotected sex. This statement shows that Prostitutes Shiraz clients provide motivation for prostitutes to have unprotected Prostitutes Shiraz.

However, more experienced FSWs look at this issue from a cost-benefit point, yet younger ones do not pay attention to this issue. I have two rich clients, who live in the UAE. They provide whatever I want. If they want to have sex with me, Prostitutes Shiraz if they offer Prostitutes Shiraz millions of Rials without condom, I will Prostitutes Shiraz it FSW2. Thus, Prostitutes Shiraz sexual encounter includes bargaining about the price of having safe or unprotected sex.

Many of the girls are not worried about getting pregnant or even sexually transmitted diseases, they Prostitutes Shiraz want to make more money FSW1. Another reason for having unprotected sex is because there is no one there to protect them. Hence, some prostitutes prefer to work with pimps.

A pimp could be a man or a woman. Male pimps protect prostitutes in exchange for Prostitutes Shiraz or sex, yet female pimps khale only do this for money. Therefore, the presence of a pimp can Prostitutes Shiraz a determinant factor in having a safe sex. Khales are usually very vulgar and unrefined. If anyone tries to have unprotected sex, she becomes very angry, and starts to scream and shout FSW4.

It seems that female pimps could play a pivotal role in protecting sex workers. They are the one, who convince the clients to have safe sex. Khale is more concerned than their male counterparts when it comes to unprotected sex. Many men say that we want to have sex without condom, and then I say no to them. Another important factor Prostitutes Shiraz having safe sex is the age of FSWs.

Iran fashion workers jailed for 'spreading prostitution'

For young girls, money is very important. All of the Prostitutes Shiraz mentioned that young men and young prostitutes rarely use condoms. A man pairs with a girl for pleasure. Age does not only influence the behaviour of FSWs, and also has an effect on sexual Prostitutes Shiraz of young clients:. They just want to satisfy their sexual urges FSW1.

The participants were aware of the risks involved in unprotected sex, as expected. This is due to their participation in educational courses at Prostitutes Shiraz DIC centre.

They believed they had gained adequate knowledge. I went to different educational classes here.

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At the DIC there Prostitutes Shiraz an educational course on a weekly basis. I learned about sexually transmitted diseases. I used to have a boyfriend and we used to have unprotected sex. Another participant, who had an associate degree in Prostitutes Shiraz management and her thesis on AIDS and hepatitis, stated that her co-workers are aware of sexually transmitted diseases and they protect themselves in their sexual relationships.

Yea, we all use condoms and use antibacterial gel as well. Prostitutes Shiraz and I work at the same place. We use Betadine in the W. We talk to our co-workers Prostitutes Shiraz lot in order to Prostitutes Shiraz awareness FSW However, the main problem is clients.

Many of them always try to have unprotected sex for having more pleasure. In this scenario, literacy level of both the client and the FSW is vital. A FSW, who is also a Khale, introduced a year-old girl to a doctor. She stated that Prostitutes Shiraz doctor had Prostitutes Shiraz sex with the girl.

The girl had a wart on Prostitutes Shiraz abdomen. The Doctor then used a plastic bag to cover the wart then he washed his hands. He forced the girl to wash herself. The girl initially asked, "do you want to use a condom? These types of people are very rare FSW1. This statement shows how a safe sexual relationship is performed. Because this person was fully aware of the threats. Thus, bargaining before sex is an important strategy. Expert prostitutes know this issue and based on this they bargained with their clients for Prostitutes Shiraz sex.

Knowing this, they could easily move on to their next client, if the person does not accept their condition. He started to bargain again but I told him Prostitutes Shiraz and he left. Prostitution is a complex phenomenon, where emotion and rationality are confronted. On one hand, there are male clients, who seek physical and emotional sexual pleasure and on the Prostitutes Shiraz hand is a woman, who is seeking financial benefits with all the risks involved.

An important risk factor is a sexually transmitted disease.

Experience of violence among street prostitutes: a qualitative study in Shiraz, Iran

In this complex situation, every sexual relationship Prostitutes Shiraz a Prostitutes Shiraz where bargaining takes place between FSWs and their clients. This could be either for the price or protected sex. Bargaining for having protected Prostitutes Shiraz and the rate of success depends on the person, who wants to stay safe and this could be related to many issues. The aim of this study was to explore factors related to bargaining power.

The results showed that price, having a pimp, older age of the prostitute, Prostitutes Shiraz literacy and clients craving were determining reasons for having safe sex. Generally, due to the training of the participants at the DIC centre, they were fully aware of unprotected sex. There are several studies related to unprotected sex, however, search of the scientific literature revealed that there has been no other study that has worked on the subject of bargaining based on quality.

Nonetheless, the researchers tried to evaluate the findings considering similar studies on the same subject.

Sadati A et al., showed that prostitutes of Shiraz in Iran experience all kinds of physical, psychological, sexual, deception, and theft violence [27]. Sarode S. Background: The trade of prostitution is familiar with unprotected sex, which is the themes based on 18 FSWs referral to a Drop-In Centre (DIC) of Shiraz, Iran.

Even though the cultural setting is completely different in both studies, the role Prostitutes Shiraz pimps is similar. The difference is the position of FSWs in these two settings. While this trade is legal in China and not forbidden culturally, in Iran Prostitutes Shiraz is on the contrary. Another study showed that injection of methamphetamine is directly related to an increase in unprotected sexual activity 5.

It is worth mentioning that the participants Prostitutes Shiraz not mention the use of methamphetamines by their clients yet they were concerned about the consumption of alcohol or opium by their clients, which is similar to other findings 45. Having a pimp protects against the physical threats and coercion from clients, as shown by another study 8.

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According to their statements, most customers request unprotected sex. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Based on the findings, it appears that DIC centres are providing valuable services in increasing awareness of FSWs and they should be supported.