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Correlates of Injection Drug Use among Female Sex Workers in Two Mexico-U.S. Border Cities

Highest year of school completed IQR. Accessed May 3. Juarez, were younger, more likely to speak English and less likely to have had children or live in their own home.

Although site specific models were examined, results are presented for the overall sample due to the relatively small sample of FSW-IDUs in each site, and because site-specific associations were generally similar. Relative to Cd. Juarez, higher proportions of FSWs in Tijuana reported ever injecting drugs Prostitutes Ciudad Guzman The majority reported injecting heroin In the past month, One fifth reported sharing needles with a sex trade client There was no significant difference between FSWs and FSW-IDUs for average amount earned for sex without a condom, or in the median difference earned for vaginal sex with and without a condom Table 1.

In terms of risk behaviors, the groups did not differ in terms of the proportions who had vaginal sex without a condom, although FSW-IDUs were marginally less likely to use a condom for anal sex. FSW-IDUs were less likely to use alcohol before or during sex, but were more likely to use illicit Prostitutes Ciudad Guzman in these situations.

HIV prevalence was Overall, A generally risky pattern emerged. Sex workers who often or always used drugs before sex and those who had more clients with whom Prostitutes Ciudad Guzman had unprotected vaginal sex acts were much more likely to be FSW-IDUs.

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In the final multivariate model, a number of factors were independently associated with recent injection drug use within this FSW population. In contrast to other FSWs, those who injected drugs were younger, less likely to Prostitutes Ciudad Guzman in their own home, Prostitutes Ciudad Guzman less likely to have had children. Repeating the analysis to compare FSWs who ever injected drugs to those who had never injected yielded similar findings results not shown.

Valdez, personal communication, This suggests that the window of opportunity for HIV prevention is closing rapidly in these cities, since IDU-associated HIV epidemics are often explosive and quickly become generalized Strathdee et al. The high prevalence of syphilis titers consistent with active infection is worrisome, because untreated syphilis can cause debilitating illness and congenital blindness.

Syphilis, gonorrhea and Chlamydia can also lead to infertility and are known cofactors of HIV transmission Laga et al.

Although cases of active syphilis, gonorrhea and Chlamydia are eligible for free treatment under Mexico Ministry of Health guidelines regardless of health insurance status, the tendency to rely on a passive system for treatment, rather than an active system involving contact tracing and partner notification, may contribute to these elevated infection rates.

Juarez, were younger, more likely to speak English and less likely to have had children or live in their own home. We observed that FSWs who injected drugs Prostitutes Ciudad Guzman to have social networks that may perpetuate their drug use. FSW-IDUs were Prostitutes Ciudad Guzman than twice as likely to report that most of the sex workers they knew injected drugs, which could suggest a group dynamic through which women buy and use drugs together.

Although studies on female drug users in Mexico are sparse, a study of young female IDUs in Baltimore suggested that women initiated other women to inject Prostitutes Ciudad Guzman Doherty et al. Juarez found that female IDUs often used drugs within the context of a sexual relationship Prostitutes Ciudad Guzman a drug using male partner Cruz et al.

International literature suggests that female IDUs tend to have greater overlap in their sexual and drug use networks relative to males Latkin et al. The extent to which network and sociocultural influences may interact with needle sharing or sexual behaviors require further study.

FSW-IDUs were marginally more likely to have unprotected anal sex with clients compared to other FSWs, although this association did not persist after adjusting for other confounders.

P Gutiérrez M see Soriano V Guzmán S see Pérez C Gyorkey F see Sinkovics Taylor A. Female streetworker -- prostitutes in Glasgow: a descriptive study of (5): Hakomori S see Kokai M Hall JM see Hillyer CD Hall RF Jr. Lisson, Pedro Davalos y, La prostitution en la ciudad de Lima (Lima, ) p. Lima, pp. 56–7Google Scholar and Guzman, Franco, Prostitution, pp.

This is troubling because sex work conducted under the influence of drugs has been associated with lower rates of condom use in other settings Plant Prostitutes Ciudad Guzman al. In a study conducted in the United Kingdom Gossop et al. This study was limited because we lacked a number of unmeasured Prostitutes Ciudad Guzman variables e. We were also lacking information on the context of sexual behaviors with clients, particularly the extent to which they exchanged sex for drugs rather than money, which has been reported elsewhere Edlin et al.

However, nearly half of all the FSWs in our study reported that their clients used drugs and one fifth reported sharing needles with clients. These circumstances may predispose FSWs to using Prostitutes Ciudad Guzman during sex, and could contribute to their difficulties negotiating safer sex.

Since women were recruited through convenience sampling and higher risk women were selected for the purposes of testing an intervention study, our findings may not reflect the experience of FSWs who consistently use condoms with clients.

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Future studies using respondent driven sampling would improve upon these estimates Heckathorn, Finally, small cell sizes precluded us from comparing ever, never and former injectors using ordinal regression. However, results were similar in a re-analysis comparing FSWs who ever versus never Prostitutes Ciudad Guzman.

Since the HIV epidemic in Mexico is at an early stage, identifying subgroups with higher infection rates that can act as bridge populations Prostitutes Ciudad Guzman of great importance, especially in this resource-limited setting.

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The overlap between FSW and IDU populations in northern Mexico—as in many other low and middle income countries—suggests that interventions that focus only on safer sex or safer injection will be of limited effectiveness in curtailing these HIV epidemics. Further studies are needed to characterize the Prostitutes Ciudad Guzman through which these risk behaviors occur in order to develop culturally appropriate interventions. Neither the NIMH nor NIDA had any further role in study design; Prostitutes Ciudad Guzman the collection, analysis and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; or in the decision to submit the paper for publication.

Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that Prostitutes Ciudad Guzman been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, Prostitutes Ciudad Guzman, and review of the Prostitutes Ciudad Guzman proof before it is published in its final citable form.

Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. National Center for Biotechnology InformationU. Drug Alcohol Depend. Author manuscript; available in PMC Jan 1. Steffanie A. Strathdee1 Morgan M. Philbin1 Shirley J. Patterson 1, 8. Morgan M.

Shirley J. Thomas L. Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Contributors Drs. Copyright notice. The publisher's final edited version of this article is available at Drug Alcohol Depend. See other articles in PMC that cite the published article. Abstract Objective: To characterize the Prostitutes Ciudad Guzman between injection drug use and sex work by women in Tijuana and Cd.

Results: Of FSWs, Conclusions: FSW-IDUs had higher STI levels, engaged in riskier behaviors and were more vulnerable to having unsafe sex with clients compared to other FSWs, indicating that this subgroup is an important bridge population requiring focused prevention. Keywords: female sex worker, prostitution, injection drug use, needle sharing, Mexico, women.

Methods 2. Settings This study was conducted in two cities Tijuana and Cd. Data Collection The face-to-face interview was conducted as part of a safer sex intervention which focused on motivational interviewing and increasing self efficacy among FSWs, as previously described Patterson et al. Juarez Open in a separate window. Juarez 1. Juarez 4. Footnotes Conflict of Interest The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose. Global overview of injecting drug use and Prostitutes Ciudad Guzman infection among injecting drug users.

J Commun Dis. Subst Use Misuse. Seroprevalence of and risk factors for HIV-1 infection among female commercial sex workers in South America. Sex Transm Infect.

Juarez, which may help to inform prevention efforts in both Mexico and the U.

Drug use and Prostitutes Ciudad Guzman risk behaviours among female Russian IDUs who exchange sex for money or drugs. Trends in production, trafficking, and consumption of methamphetamine and cocaine in Mexico. J Urban Health. Historical trends in the production and consumption of illicit drugs in Mexico: implications for the prevention of blood borne infections.

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A qualitative exploration of female sex work in Tijuana, Mexico. Arch Sex Behav. Med Anthropol. Accessed Apr Sexually transmitted infections among female sex workers in Yunnan, China. Soc Sci Med. Encuesta Nacional de Empleo Urbano. A qualitative exploration Prostitutes Ciudad Guzman gender in the context of injection drug use in two US-Mexico border cities. Prostitutes Ciudad Guzman Behav. Alcohol and drug use in heterosexual and homosexual prostitution, and its relation to protection behavior.

Correlates of Injection Drug Use among Female Sex Workers in Two Mexico-U.S. Border Cities

AIDS Care. Dominican, Mexican, and Puerto Rican prostitutes: Drug use and sexual behaviors. Hisp J Behav Sci. Gender differences in the initiation of injection drug use among young adults. N Engl J Med. Female prostitutes in south London: use of heroin, cocaine and alcohol, and their relationship to health risk behaviours.

Immigration and lifetime prevalence of DSM-IV psychiatric disorders among Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic Whites in them United States - Results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions.

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Social Problems. Accessed Jan Human papillomavirus: a highly prevalent sexually transmitted disease agent among female sex workers from Mexico City. Sex Transm Dis. Syphilis among intravenous drug-using population: epidemiological situation in St Petersburg, Russia. The relationship between social network characteristics and exchanging sex for drugs or money among drug users in Baltimore, MD, USA.

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Since the HIV epidemic in Mexico is at an early stage, identifying subgroups with higher infection rates that can act as bridge populations are of great importance, especially in this resource-limited setting.

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