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2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Russia

Authorities used their access to the International Criminal Police Organization Interpol to target political enemies abroad. Their effectiveness varied significantly, and local authorities often undermined their independence. I cried a lot that day, but it is time to be quiet and just wait.

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Email Address There was an error, please provide a valid email address. Thanks for signing up! In Aprila court in Petrozavodsk acquitted renowned historian Sex dating Angarsk the gulag and human rights activist Yuriy Dmitriyev of child pornography charges, a case many observers believed to be politically motivated and in retaliation for his efforts to expose Stalin-era crimes. In the Sex dating Angarsk month, Dmitriyev was again arrested.

On July 22, the Petrozavodsk City Court found him guilty of sexual abuse of a minor and sentenced him to 3. On September 29, the Supreme Court of Karelia overturned the decision and extended his sentence to 13 years in maximum-security prison. Memorial considered Dmitriyev to be a political prisoner. Authorities particularly infringed on the right to a fair trial in Chechnya, where observers noted that the judicial system served as a means of conducting reprisals against those who exposed wrongdoing by Chechnya head Kadyrov.

In some cases judicial authorities imposed sentences disproportionate to the crimes charged.

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For example, on August 18, political commentator Fyodor Krasheninnikov was sentenced to seven days in jail for publishing comments criticizing the Constitutional Court. The Sverdlovsk Oblast human rights ombudswoman Sex dating Angarsk that Krasheninnikov should only have been fined. Krasheninnikov filed a complaint with European Sex dating Angarsk of Human Rights ECHRasserting that his arrest violated his rights of speech, fair trial, and personal freedom. There were credible reports of political prisoners in the country and that authorities detained and prosecuted individuals for Sex dating Angarsk reasons.

Nevertheless, Memorial estimated that the actual number of political prisoners in the country could be two to three times greater than the number on its list. Memorial noted the average length of sentences for the cases on their Sex dating Angarsk continued to increase, from 5. In some cases sentences were significantly longer, such as the case of Aleksey Pichugin, a former security official of the Russian oil company Yukos, imprisoned since with a life sentence for conviction of alleged involvement in murder and murder attempts; human rights organizations asserted that his detention was politically motivated to obtain false Sex dating Angarsk against Yukos executives.

There were credible reports that the country attempted to misuse international law enforcement tools for politically motivated purposes as a reprisal against specific individuals located outside the country. Authorities used their access to the International Criminal Police Organization Interpol to target political enemies abroad.

There were credible reports that, for politically motivated purposes, the government attempted to exert bilateral pressure on another country aimed at having it take adverse action against specific individuals. Russian prosecutors brought forth a request for extradition, but on April 7, the Belarusian courts determined that he would not be extradited.

Although the law provides mechanisms for individuals to Sex dating Angarsk lawsuits against authorities for human rights violations, these mechanisms often did not work well.

For example, the law provides that a defendant who has been acquitted after a trial has the right to compensation from the government. While this legal Sex dating Angarsk exists in principle, it was practically very cumbersome to use. Persons who believed their human rights were violated typically sought redress in the ECHR after domestic courts ruled against them.

Amendments to the constitution approved in a nationwide vote on Sex dating Angarsk 1, and signed into law on December 8, enshrined the primacy of Russian law over international law, stating that decisions by interstate bodies interpreted in a manner contrary to the constitution are not enforceable in the country.

The country has Sex dating Angarsk the Terezin Declaration on Holocaust Restitution but declined to endorse the Guidelines and Best Practices. There is no legislation or special mechanism in the Sex dating Angarsk that Sex dating Angarsk the restitution of or compensation for private property; Sex dating Angarsk same is true for heirless property. The law forbids officials from entering a private residence except in cases prescribed by federal law or when authorized by a judicial decision.

While the law previously prohibited government monitoring of correspondence, telephone conversations, and other means of communication without a warrant, those legal protections were significantly weakened by laws passed since granting authorities sweeping powers and requiring telecommunications providers to store all electronic and telecommunication data see section 2.

Politicians from minority parties, NGOs, human rights activists, and journalists alleged that authorities routinely employed surveillance and other measures to spy on and intimidate citizens. The law permits authorities with a warrant to monitor telephone calls in real Sex dating Angarsk, but this safeguard was largely pro forma.

The Ministry of Information and Communication requires telecommunications service providers to allow the FSB to tap telephones and monitor the internet. The Ministry of Information and Communication maintained that authorities would not access information without a court order, although the FSB is not required to show it upon request. The camera recorded her for five months without her knowledge.

The president of the Federation of Jewish Communities of Russia has stated that the actual Jewish population is nearly one million.

The law requires explicit consent for governmental and private collection of biometric data via facial recognition technology.

Laws on public security and crime prevention, however, provide for exceptions to this consent requirement. Human rights activists claimed the law lacks appropriate safeguards to prevent the misuse of these data, especially without any judicial or public oversight over surveillance methods and technologies. As of September almostgovernment surveillance cameras have been installed in Moscow and equipped with Russian-developed automated facial recognition software as part of its Safe Sex dating Angarsk program.

The system was initially installed in key public places, such as metro stations and apartment entrances, in order to scan crowds Sex dating Angarsk a database of wanted individuals. The first major test of this system occurred in the spring, as the Moscow city government began enforcing mandatory COVID self-isolation requirements using facial recognition. The personal data of residents and international visitors placed under quarantine in Moscow were reportedly uploaded into the system in order to monitor the public for self-isolation violations.

Popova and Milov claimed closed-circuit television cameras were used during a large September protest in Moscow to conduct mass surveillance of the participants. Popova and Milov also argued the use of the technology at an opposition rally amounted to discrimination Sex dating Angarsk on political views. According to press Sex dating Angarsk, intelligence and security services would have access to the database in their investigations.

There were reports that authorities threatened to remove children from the custody of parents engaged in political activism or some forms of religious worship, or parents who were Sex dating Angarsk persons. For example, on October 2, Russian media reported that authorities were threatening to arrest and take away the children of gay men who have fathered their children through surrogacy, accusing them of child trafficking. Several families reportedly left the country due to fear of arrest.

As of December no formal arrest related to this threat had been reported. The law requires relatives of terrorists to pay the cost of damages caused by an attack, which human rights advocates criticized as collective punishment. Chechen Republic authorities reportedly routinely imposed collective punishment on the relatives Sex dating Angarsk alleged terrorists, including by expelling them from the republic. Sex dating Angarsk the constitution provides for freedom of expression, including for the press, the government increasingly restricted this right.

Regional and local authorities used procedural violations and restrictive or vague legislation to detain, harass, or prosecute persons who criticized the government or institutions it favored.

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The government exercised editorial control over media, creating a media landscape in Sex dating Angarsk most citizens were exposed to predominantly government-approved narratives.

Sex dating Angarsk government Sex dating Angarsk on independent media constrained coverage of numerous topics, especially of Belarus, LGBTI persons, the environment, elections, COVID, criticism of local or federal leadership, as well as secessionism or federalism. The government used direct ownership or ownership by large private companies with government links to control or influence major national media and regional media outlets, especially television.

Censorship and self-censorship in television and print media and on the internet was widespread, particularly regarding points Sex dating Angarsk view critical of the government or its policies. As of August the Ministry of Justice had expanded Sex dating Angarsk list of extremist materials to include 5, books, videos, websites, social media pages, musical compositions, and other items, an increase of approximately 80 items from In early May prosecutors opened a criminal investigation into the activities of Grigoriy Vinter, the head of the Vologda chapter of the NGO For Human Rights, after posts criticizing authorities for transporting prisoners who showed COVID symptoms were published on a social media page that Sex dating Angarsk administered.

Vinter had previously faced similar politically motivated investigations for his human rights advocacy. By law authorities may close any organization a court determines to be extremist, including media outlets and websites. Three warnings in one year sufficed to initiate Sex dating Angarsk closure lawsuit. For example, Russian media reported that on July 10, LGBTI artist and activist Yuliya Tsvetkova was fined by a local court in the Russian Far East for social media posts and drawings depicting same-sex couples with their children, rainbow-colored cats, and matryoshka dolls holding hands.

Tsvetkova was also under investigation for spreading pornography among minors for her body-positive projects in On September 22, her case was returned to the Investigative Committee for Khabarovsk Kray for further investigation in what experts believe was an attempt to prolong the trial.

Media reported that an audience member complained Sex dating Angarsk Dolgopolov had insulted his religious feelings, possibly with a joke about Jesus and his mother Mary. In March, Dolgopolov announced that he had returned to Russia; the status of the investigation was unclear.

There was no official register or list of banned symbols. On May 15, a district court in Kemerovo sentenced Vladislav Koretskiy, an year-old student, to 10 days incarceration for publishing social media posts in and Sex dating Angarsk images of swastikas. For example, on March 3, a district court in Tomsk fined activist Sergey Chaykovskiy, the executive director of the National Bureau for the Development of Democracy, for an Instagram post that showed a speech by Nancy Pelosi accusing Putin of interfering in the conflict in Ukraine.

For example, in January the Supreme Court upheld lower court orders to block the distribution of an article by independent journalists chronicling the story of a heroin user. Free speech advocates expressed concern that the law allowed the government to ban any nonfiction article on drug use it deemed inappropriate. For example, in March authorities opened an administrative case against the Andrey Rylkov Foundation for publishing a text from the Open Russia movement on its website. Government-friendly oligarchs owned most other outlets, which are permitted to determine what they publish within formal or informal boundaries Sex dating Angarsk by the government.

In the regions each governor also controlled regional media through direct or indirect funding or through affiliated structures.

The federal government or progovernment individuals completely or partially owned all so-called federal television channels, the only stations with nationwide reach. The 29 most-watched stations together commanded 86 percent of television viewership; all were owned at least in part Sex dating Angarsk the federal or local governments or by progovernment individuals.

Government-owned media outlets often received preferential benefits, such Sex dating Angarsk rent-free occupancy of government-owned buildings, and a preferential tax rate.

On a regional level, state-owned and progovernment television channels received subsidies from the Ministry of Finance for broadcasting in cities with a population of less thanand on the creation and production of content. At many government-owned or -controlled outlets, the state increasingly dictated editorial policy. While the law restricts foreign ownership of media outlets to no more than 20 percent, another provision Sex dating Angarsk the ambiguously worded law apparently bans foreign ownership entirely.

The government used these provisions to consolidate ownership of independent outlets under progovernment oligarchs and to exert pressure on outlets that retained foreign backers. The decision to designate media outlets as foreign agents may be made outside of Sex dating Angarsk by other government bodies, including law enforcement agencies.

Human rights defenders expressed concern that this Sex dating Angarsk would be used to further restrict the activities of or selectively punish journalists, bloggers, and social media users. A parliamentary commission investigated alleged foreign interference into Russian domestic affairs. According to the commission, the interference tactics were diverse and included Sex dating Angarsk on social networks and round-the-clock hacker attacks on the servers of the Russian Central Election Commission.

Violence and Harassment: Journalists continued to be subjected to arrest, imprisonment, physical Sex dating Angarsk, harassment, and intimidation as a result of their reporting. According to the Glasnost Defense Foundation, Sex dating Angarsk of December incidents of violence and harassment against journalists included one killing, 42 attacks, 97 detentions by law enforcement officers, 46 prosecutions, 27 threats, and six politically motivated firings.

Journalists and bloggers who uncovered government malfeasance or who criticized the government often faced harassment, either in the form of direct threats to their physical safety or threats to their Sex dating Angarsk, frequently through legal prosecution.

There were reports of attacks on journalists by government officials and police. For example, according to press reports, on June 30, a police officer severely injured David Frenkel, a journalist Sex dating Angarsk the independent MediaZona outlet, as he was reporting on the nationwide vote on constitutional amendments in St.

Frenkel was at a polling station investigating alleged violations of voting Sex dating Angarsk. A video widely circulated on social media showed the police officer tackling Frenkel, breaking his collarbone in the process. Frenkel was eventually fined a nominal sum for the violations. His fines were upheld on appeal. There were reports of police briefly detaining journalists to interfere with or punish them for their reporting. For example, on May 5, OVD-Info reported that police detained journalist Sergey Poznyakov as he was traveling to the editorial office of the newspaper Communists of Russiawhere he worked as a correspondent.

Police claimed they detained him because he did not show his documents, although Poznyakov asserted that he did. There were reports of police framing journalists for serious crimes to interfere with or punish them for their reporting.

For example, Ivan Safronov, a former national security journalist for major national daily newspapers Kommersant and Vedomostiwas arrested by the FSB and charged with treason in July. Safronov was working as an aide to the head of the Russian space agency, Roscosmos, at the time of his arrest. The charges alleged Safronov was recruited by Czech intelligence agents in to pass sensitive Russian military information to another foreign government.

Observers speculated the charges might be related to a Kommersant Sex dating Angarsk coauthored by Safronov, detailing the potential sale of Russian Sex dating Angarsk aircraft to Egypt. Safronov also provoked a strong reaction from the government for a article in Kommersant speculating on a shakeup of the leadership in the Federation Council. Safronov was subsequently fired from Kommersantaccording to some accounts, due to government pressure on the publisher.

If convicted, Safronov faces up to 20 years in prison. As of December Safronov remained in Sex dating Angarsk. There were reports of police raids on the offices of independent media outlets that Sex dating Angarsk believed were designed to punish or pressure the outlets.

For example, in July police raided the offices and private homes of the opposition organization MBK Media and its associated human rights foundation, Open Sex dating Angarsk.

Independent journalists believed the raids were actually tied to planned protests against recent constitutional amendments. MBK Media representatives pointed out that many of the staff members were only children inemphasizing their view that the raids were intended to interfere with their work. In another example, in January Leonid Krivenkov, a retired cameraman for a major Russian state television broadcaster, was severely beaten by two unknown assailants.

The Sex dating Angarsk came several weeks after Krivenkov gave multiple interviews detailing political censorship and corruption at the broadcaster. Krivenkov alleged the Sex dating Angarsk men disparaged him for not respecting his homeland as they beat him.

He was treated for a broken nose and severe bruising. On October 15, journalist Sergey Plotnikov was abducted and beaten by unidentified persons in Khabarovsk, where he had been reporting on continuing protests in the city. He was reportedly handcuffed, driven into the forest outside the city, Sex dating Angarsk threatened by shooting live rounds of ammunition Sex dating Angarsk the ground near his feet. Plotnikov sustained a wound on his temple and was released the following morning.

Journalists reported threats in connection with their reporting.

There was no progress during the year in establishing accountability in a number of high-profile killings of journalists, including the killing of Paul Klebnikov, the killing of Anna Sex dating Angarsk, and the killing of Natalia Estemirova. Censorship or Content Restrictions: The government directly and indirectly censored media, much of which occurred online also see section 2.

There were reports that the government Sex dating Angarsk against those who produced or published content it disliked. For example, the founder and editor of the independent news site Koza. PressIrina Murakhtayeva known professionally as Irina Slavinawas subjected to various forms of harassment and substantial fines by law enforcement in recent years.

On October 1, law enforcement officers forcibly entered her Nizhny Novgorod apartment, ostensibly with a search warrant related to the civil society Sex dating Angarsk Open Russia. There were reports Sex dating Angarsk the government placed restrictions on printing presses to prevent them from printing materials for the political opposition.

Authorities detained three activists who ordered leaflets that opposed proposed constitutional amendments and criticized President Putin. The activists were charged under an article on production or distribution of campaign materials in violation of the law during Sex dating Angarsk and referenda.

Navalny faced penalties ranging from a substantial monetary fine to hours of community service if convicted. National Security: Authorities cited laws against terrorism or protecting national security to arrest or punish critics of the government or Sex dating Angarsk criticism of government policies or officials.

For example, on September 9, Russian military historian Andrey Zhukov was convicted of high treason and sentenced to Before his arrest, Zhukov was also researching participants in World War II, their relatives, and their military awards.

There were reports that authorities charged journalists with terrorism offenses in retaliation for their reporting. For example, in June security services in Dagestan arrested Abdulmumin Gadzhiyev, a journalist and head of the religious affairs section of the independent newspaper Chernovik. C hernovik had long reported threats, politically motivated prosecutions, and other pressure for its work uncovering corruption and wrongdoing by local officials. They maintained that the case against him was fabricated.

Gadzhiyev has remained in detention awaiting trial after a Sex dating Angarsk repeatedly Sex dating Angarsk his pretrial detention. In April additional charges were filed against Gadzhiyev in Dagestan accusing him of participating in an extremist organization. The charges Sex dating Angarsk up to an additional 10 years in prison if Gadzhiyev is convicted. Memorial declared him to be a political prisoner.

Prosecutors sought a six-year prison sentence for Prokopyeva, who was ultimately required only to pay a fine and was able to avoid incarceration. The law requires internet providers to install equipment to route web traffic through servers in the country. The government continued to employ its longstanding use of the System for Operative Investigative Activities, which requires internet service providers ISPs to install, at their own expense, a device that routes all customer traffic to an FSB terminal.

The system enables police to track Sex dating Angarsk email communications, identify internet users, and monitor their internet activity. Internet advocates asserted the measure allows for surveillance by intelligence agencies and enables state authorities to control information and Sex dating Angarsk content.

The law also envisions the creation of an independent domain name system DNS for the country, separate from the global DNS. Companies that ignore this requirement risk Sex dating Angarsk fined, blocked, or both.

In Roskomnadzor blocked access to the foreign-based professional networking website LinkedIn for failure to comply with the law; the service remained unavailable in the country without a virtual private network VPN service. In February a Moscow district court fined Twitter and Facebook 4. The two companies were also reportedly at risk of further fines for noncompliance with this requirement.

Telecommunications companies are required to store user data and make it available to law enforcement bodies. The government blocked access to content and otherwise censored the internet.

Roskomnadzor maintained a federal blacklist of internet sites and required ISPs to block access to web pages that the agency deemed offensive or illegal, including information that was already prohibited, such as items on the Federal List of Extremist Materials. On August 10, a Moscow court fined Google for repeatedly failing to filter contents prohibited in Russia. Authorities may demand that content Sex dating Angarsk in violation be removed and impose heavy fines for refusal.

The government prohibited online anonymity. The law requires commercial VPN services and internet anonymizers to block access to websites and internet content prohibited in the country.

By law Roskomnadzor may also block sites that provide instructions on how to circumvent government blocking. When the law came into force inRoskomnadzor announced that the majority of commercial VPNs and anonymizers used in the country had registered and intended to comply with the Sex dating Angarsk, although most foreign-based VPNs had not.

In March, Roskomnadzor announced the launch of an automated system for checking proxies, VPNs, and search Sex dating Angarsk for compliance with the requirements for blocking access to prohibited sites. Messaging applications and platforms that fail to comply with the requirements to restrict anonymous accounts may be blocked. In June authorities demanded that dating app Tinder provide messages and photos exchanged by users of the service. There were reports of politically motivated cyberattacks.

In March the Digital Revolution hackers group announced that the FSB had purchased the Fronton program, which allows for cyberattacks to crash servers and hack smart devices. On May 5, a political activist in St. Petersburg, Denis Mikhailov, reported a spam attack on the anniversary of an anti-Putin protest.

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Mikhailov noted that he received several hundred telephone calls from unknown numbers on that day. The government took further steps during the year to restrict academic freedom and cultural events. There were reports that the government censored textbooks, curricula, and other school Sex dating Angarsk.

For example, in January the state university Higher School of Economics HSE published amendments to its student rules and labor regulations. Student newspapers also lost their status as student groups at the university, eliminating their school funding. The policy changes were seen as a direct response to Sex dating Angarsk number of high-profile student political protests and the appearance of an opposition leader on a student talk show in Sex dating Angarsk There were reports that the government sanctioned academic personnel for their teachings, writing, research, or political views.

Among the lecturers was Kirill Martynov, a political correspondent for the independent Novaya Gazeta newspaper. The university also failed to renew the contract of world-renowned sociologist Ella Paneyakh.

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Media outlets reported that HSE administrators asked their faculty members not to criticize Russian authorities while publicly identifying with the university. During the year authorities in Chechnya retaliated against artists for alleged lack of compliance with local traditions.

In June a Moscow court convicted well-known theater director Kirill Serebrennikov of embezzlement and sentenced him to a fine, three years of probation, and a three-year ban on leading a state-funded cultural institution in Russia. Serebrennikov had been on trial since for embezzlement of state funds to stage a Shakespeare play that the government alleged he never produced.

The prosecution was widely Sex dating Angarsk by observers as a warning to the artistic community as a whole. There were reports that authorities failed to protect performers and audiences from threats and physical attacks during cultural events they opposed. For example, on January 30, Th e Economist magazine reported that teatr. The agitators allegedly entered the theater, stopped the play, and shouted homophobic slurs.

Police were called in and a fight broke out, but no charges were brought. There were reports that authorities forced the cancellation of concerts of musicians who had been critical of the government. The law provides for freedom of assembly, but local authorities restricted this right. The law requires organizers of public meetings, demonstrations, or marches by more than one person to notify the government, although authorities maintained that protest organizers must receive government permission, not just provide notification.

Failure to obtain official permission to hold a protest resulted in the demonstration being viewed as unlawful by law enforcement officials, who routinely dispersed such protests. While some public demonstrations took place, on many occasions local officials selectively denied groups permission to assemble or offered alternate venues that were inconveniently or remotely located.

Each region enforced its own restrictions. As of September, Moscow and St. Petersburg had banned all mass events. Although they do not require official approval, authorities restricted single-person pickets and required that there be at least feet separating protesters from each other. In the Constitutional Court decreed that police officers may stop a single-person Sex dating Angarsk to protect the health and safety of the picketer. The law provides heavy penalties for engaging in unsanctioned protests and other violations of public assembly law.

Protesters convicted of multiple violations within six months may Sex dating Angarsk fined substantially or imprisoned for up to five years. Arrests or detentions for organizing or taking part in unsanctioned protests were Sex dating Angarsk. The July 9 arrest of Sex dating Angarsk Kray governor Sergey Furgal sparked more than four months of continuous protests in the region, with solidarity protests occurring in other Russian Far East Sex dating Angarsk including Vladivostok, Birobidzhan, and on Sakhalin Island.

None of the protests was sanctioned by authorities. Among those detained Sex dating Angarsk fined was Father Andrey, an Orthodox priest who did not chant slogans or hold placards.

He received the largest fine during the series of protests and was detained for Sex dating Angarsk days. The 2,person protest demanded economic support during the pandemic. Police often broke up protests that were not officially sanctioned, at times using disproportionate force. For example, on July 19, police officers reportedly severely beat Academy of Science biochemist Anton Rasin, who was participating in a march in Vladivostok in solidarity with the Khabarovsk protests.

Rasin claimed officers beat him when he asked plainclothes officers to produce their identification. On July 20, he was convicted and sentenced to five days in jail Sex dating Angarsk the court for failure to obey law Sex dating Angarsk directions. Authorities regularly detained single-person picketers. For example, on April 26, police detained Andrey Boyarshinov in Kazan while standing in Sex dating Angarsk single-person picket to Sex dating Angarsk the demolition of a prerevolutionary building.

The constitution provides for freedom of association, but the government did not Sex dating Angarsk it. Public organizations must register their bylaws and the names of their leaders with Sex dating Angarsk Ministry of Justice. The finances of registered organizations are subject to investigation by tax authorities, and foreign grants must be registered. To be delisted, an NGO must Sex dating Angarsk an application to the Ministry of Justice proving that it did not receive any foreign funding or engage in any political activity within the previous 12 months.

If the NGO received any foreign funding, it must have returned the money within three months. The ministry would then initiate an unscheduled inspection of the NGO to determine whether it qualified for removal from the list.

Any money or assets found by authorities may be seized, and any citizens found guilty of continuing to work with the organization in contravention of the law may face up to seven years in prison. Authorities opened a criminal case against Antonova in March for reposting articles on her social media accounts and for conducting a single-person picket. There were reports civil society activists were beaten or attacked Sex dating Angarsk retaliation for their professional activities and that in most Sex dating Angarsk law enforcement officials did not adequately investigate the incidents.

For example, media outlets reported that on August 13 in St. According to Shurshev, police did not respond to any of his reports of attacks. In multiple cases, authorities arbitrarily arrested and prosecuted civil society activists in political retaliation for their work see section 1.

The law provides for freedom of internal movement, foreign travel, emigration, and repatriation, but in some cases Sex dating Angarsk restricted Sex dating Angarsk rights. In-country Movement: Although the law gives citizens the right to choose their place of residence, adult citizens must carry government-issued internal passports while traveling domestically and must register with local authorities after arriving at a different location.

To have their files transferred, persons with official refugee or asylum status must notify the Ministry of Internal Affairs in advance of relocating to a district other than the one that originally granted them status. Authorities often refused to provide government Sex dating Angarsk to individuals without internal passports or proper registration, and many regional governments continued to restrict this right through residential registration rules.

Authorities Sex dating Angarsk in-country travel restrictions on individuals facing prosecution for political purposes. Foreign Travel: The law provides for freedom to travel abroad, but the government restricted this right for certain groups.

He was arrested on June 23, when he went to Vladivostok to buy a car after having his DNA sampled, along with 3, other police officers.

Sex dating Angarsk The law stipulates, for example, that a person who violates a court decision does not have a right to leave the country. A court Sex dating Angarsk also prohibit a person from leaving the country for failure to satisfy debts; if the individual is suspected, accused, or convicted of a crime; or if the individual had access to classified material. The law allows for the temporary restriction Sex dating Angarsk the right to leave the country for citizens with outstanding debts.

According to press reports citing statistics from the Federal Bailiff Service, approximately 10 million Russians were unable to leave the Sex dating Angarsk because of debts in Since the government restricted the foreign travel of millions of its employees, prescribing which countries they are and are not allowed to visit. Citizenship: There were reports that the government revoked citizenship on an arbitrary or discriminatory basis. Makhammadiyev was left stateless as a result.

As of November Makhammadiyev was still serving a three-year prison term. Since his release in AprilKim has been held in a migration detention center awaiting deportation to Uzbekistan, where authorities continued to refuse to accept him since he no longer held citizenship there. The government indicated that the majority of forced migrants came from former Soviet republics, namely Georgia, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan.

Reliable information on whether Sex dating Angarsk government promoted the safe, voluntary, dignified return, resettlement, or local integration of IDPs was not available. The Civic Assistance Committee reported, however, that the government failed to provide protection and assistance to IDPs, refugees, returning refugees, asylum Sex dating Angarsk, stateless persons, or other persons of concern. Abuse of Migrants, Sex dating Angarsk, and Stateless Persons: NGOs reported that police detained, fined, and threatened with deportation migrants, refugees, and stateless persons.

The government considered Ukrainian asylum seekers to be separate from asylum seekers from other countries, such as Afghanistan, Georgia, Syria, Sudan, and Yemen. In some cases temporary asylum holders who received refugee status from third countries were not granted exit visas or allowed to depart the country. In March the country closed its borders in response to the COVID pandemic, trapping many migrants within the country. Many lost their jobs during that time and faced erratic and ad hoc repatriation measures.

Lacking information and fearing the reintroduction of more stringent in-country travel restrictions, many found themselves on the street or stuck in makeshift camps near a transport hub until Sex dating Angarsk country gradually opened up the borders after several months. For example, on September 21, Human Rights Watch reported on a temporary tent camp in the Samara region that housed approximately 4, Uzbek migrants who were waiting for a train to take them back to their country.

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Many had been there for months, living in extremely cramped, substandard conditions with no certainty of when they would be able to leave the country safely.

On September 24, the department of the All-Russian Congress of Uzbekistanis in the Samara region announced that these migrants were granted permission to leave the country by October 3. Refoulement: The concept of nonrefoulement is not explicitly stated in the law.

The government provided some protection against the expulsion or return of persons to countries where their lives or freedom would be threatened on account of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.

The responsible agency, GAMI, did not maintain a presence at airports or other border points and did not Sex dating Angarsk publicize that asylum seekers may request access to the agency. Asylum seekers had to rely on the goodwill of border guards and airline personnel to call immigration officials. Otherwise they faced immediate deportation to neighboring countries or Sex dating Angarsk to their countries of origin, including in some cases to countries where they may have had reasonable grounds to fear persecution.

Human rights groups continued to allege that authorities made improper use of international agreements that permit them to detain, and possibly repatriate, persons with outstanding arrest warrants from other former Soviet states. International organizations reported six cases of refoulement of asylum seekers inand NGOs cited cases in which officials detained persons most commonly from Central Asia and returned them clandestinely to their country of origin.

In Sex dating Angarsk example of clandestine repatriation, on September 1, Shobuddin Badalov, an activist from the Group 24 movement that is banned in Tajikistan, reportedly disappeared in Nizhny Novgorod. His lawyer and associates believed he was kidnapped and extradited without judicial process to Tajikistan. Badalov had been granted temporary asylum status in Access to Asylum: The law provides for the granting of asylum or refugee status, and the government has established a system for providing protection to refugees.

Applicants who did not speak Russian often had to pay for a private interpreter. Human rights organizations noted that nearly all newly arrived asylum seekers in large cities, particularly Moscow and St.

Petersburg, were forced to apply in other regions, allegedly due to full quotas. NGOs also noted difficulty in applying for asylum due to long queues and lack of clear application procedures. GAMI approved only a small percentage of applications for refugee status and Sex dating Angarsk asylum, except for Ukrainians whose applications had a much higher chance of approval. NGOs also reported that authorities encouraged applicants to return to their countries of origin.

Authorities reportedly also had blanket authority to grant temporary asylum to Syrians, but local migration experts noted a decrease in the number of Syrians afforded temporary asylum, suggesting that GAMI had not renewed the temporary asylum of hundreds of Syrians and, in some cases, encouraged applicants to return to Syria. Employment: Employers frequently refused to hire applicants who lacked residential registration.

UNHCR Sex dating Angarsk that employers frequently were not familiar with laws permitting employment for refugees without work permits and refused to hire them. Sex dating Angarsk reported that refugees and migrants were vulnerable to exploitation in the form of forced labor because of the lack of proper documents and insufficient Russian language skills.

Access to Basic Services: By law successful temporary asylum seekers and persons whose applications were being processed have the right to work, to receive medical care, and to attend school. NGOs reported authorities provided some services to Ukrainian asylum seekers, but there were instances in which applicants from other countries were denied the same service, including access to medical care and food banks.

While federal law provides for education for all children, regional authorities occasionally denied access to schools to children of temporary asylum and refugee applicants who lacked residential registration or who did not speak Russian.

The Civic Assistance Committee reported that approximately one-third of the children of refugees were enrolled in schools. When parents encountered difficulties enrolling their children in school, authorities generally cooperated Sex dating Angarsk UNHCR to resolve the problem. Temporary Protection: The government also provided temporary protection to individuals Sex dating Angarsk may not qualify as refugees.

As Sex dating Angarsk January 1, some 41, persons, 96 percent of whom were citizens of Ukraine, held a certificate of temporary asylum in Russia. A person who does not satisfy the criteria for refugee status, but who for humanitarian reasons could not be expelled or deported, Sex dating Angarsk receive temporary asylum after submitting a separate application.

There were reports, however, of authorities not upholding the principle of temporary protection. According to the population census, the country Sex dating Angarsk home toself-declared stateless persons. Official statistics did not differentiate between stateless persons and other categories of persons seeking assistance. Law, policy, and procedures allow stateless persons and their children born in the country to gain nationality.

The Civic Assistance Committee noted that most stateless persons in the country were elderly, ill, or single former Soviet Union passport holders who missed the opportunity to claim Russian citizenship after the Soviet Union broke up. The NGO reported various bureaucratic hurdles as obstacles to obtaining legal status in the country.

While the law provides citizens the ability to Sex dating Angarsk their government in free Sex dating Angarsk fair periodic elections held by secret ballot and based on universal and equal suffrage, citizens could not fully do so because the government limited the ability of opposition parties to organize, register candidates for public office, access media outlets, and conduct political campaigns.

Recent Elections: Sex dating Angarsk July Sex dating Angarsk, the government conducted a national vote on a package of constitutional amendments. This vote was not legally a referendum and was considered by most experts to be extraconstitutional.

Because the vote was not legally a referendum, no international observers were present to Sex dating Angarsk the process. A restrictive legislative and regulatory framework challenges freedom of media and induces self-censorship. The September 13 elections of 18 governors and 11 regional legislative bodies were marked by similar allegations of government interference and manipulation.

Independent election monitors logged thousands of reported abuses during these elections at the regional and local levels. For example, in a case that was emblematic of many others, the election commission of the Arkhangelsk region announced on August 4 that environmental activist Oleg Mandrykin, nominated by the opposition Yabloko Party to run in the gubernatorial election, had failed to pass the municipal filter. The election commission claimed Sex dating Angarsk had not collected the required number of signatures from the municipal districts and thus was disqualified from running for the post of governor.

Authorities sought to restrict the work of independent election monitors and promoted government-sponsored monitoring instead. Observers were prohibited from being accredited to more than one polling station, limiting the ability of civil society to monitor elections. Critics contended that the Sex dating Angarsk made it difficult for domestic election monitors to conduct surprise inspections due to provisions requiring observers to register with authorities, including the polling station they intended to monitor, three days before elections.

Burdensome registration regulations also hampered the work of journalists wishing to monitor elections as well as independent or nonpartisan groups. The election-monitoring NGO Golos announced that the September 13 election took place under the worst electoral regulations in 25 years, with greater limits on the electoral rights of citizens and increased attacks on the rights of election observers.

For example, on September 9, in the Ivanovo and Novgorod regions, security officials searched the apartments of public observation organizers, including Ruslan Zinatullin, the head of the Tatarstan branch of the Yabloko Party. Political Parties and Political Participation: The process for nominating candidates for office was highly regulated and placed significant burdens on opposition parties and their candidates.

While parties represented in the State Duma may nominate a presidential candidate without having to collect and submit signatures, prospective self-nominated presidential candidates must collectsignatures, no more than 7, from each region, and submit the signatures to the Central Election Commission for certification.

Presidential candidates nominated by parties without State Duma representation must collectsignatures. An independent presidential candidate is ineligible to run if the commission finds more than 5 percent of signatures Sex dating Angarsk. Candidates to the State Duma may Sex dating Angarsk nominated directly by constituents, political parties in single-mandate districts, or political parties on their federal list, or they may be self-nominated.

Political parties select candidates for Sex dating Angarsk federal lists from their ranks during party conventions via closed voting procedures. Party conventions also select single mandate candidates. Only political parties that overcame the 5 percent threshold during the previous elections may form federal and single-mandate candidate lists without collecting signatures, while parties that did not must collectsignatures to register a candidate for the Duma.

Self-nominated Sex dating Angarsk generally must Sex dating Angarsk the signatures of 3 percent of the voters in Sex dating Angarsk districts. Gubernatorial candidates nominated by registered political parties are not required to collect signatures from members of the public, although self-nominated candidates are. Such candidates must obtain signatures of support from a defined portion of municipal deputies, the portion of which varies by region, as well as collect signatures from at least one deputy in each of a specified portion of municipal council districts.

Observers and would-be candidates reported the municipal filter was not applied equally and that authorities pressured municipal deputies not to provide signatures to candidates who were not preapproved by authorities. In some cases Sex dating Angarsk parties were repeatedly denied registration or faced court-mandated suspensions of their activities. The Justice Ministry filed a lawsuit against Sex dating Angarsk party after refusing to register its charter because the party purportedly failed to provide the minutes from its meeting.

Authorities continued to engage in a pattern of harassment, including threats of violence, against Navalny and his supporters. He claimed that his attackers were linked to authorities and beat him because of his reporting and association with Navalny. Systemic opposition parties i. For example, media outlets reported on August 31 that representatives of the Communist Party and the Liberal Democratic Party were attacked in Novosibirsk in the run-up to Sex dating Angarsk September 13 regional election, including the headquarters of Roman Yakovlev, a candidate from the Communist Party.

On July 26, the Communist Party also reported that its candidates had problems with passing the municipal filter in at least three regions. State entities or entities closely aligned with the state also influenced their employees to vote a certain way. In Omsk workers from Russian Railways told journalists they were encouraged to photograph themselves with their completed ballots for the July 1 national vote on constitutional amendments.

In Yekaterinburg the clergy of some Russian Orthodox Churches encouraged their parishioners to vote in favor of the constitutional amendments.

Participation of Women and Members of Minority Groups: No laws limit participation of women and Sex dating Angarsk of minority groups Sex dating Angarsk the political process, and they did participate.

Women held less than 20 percent of elected seats in the national legislature. Sex dating Angarsk

As of January women held approximately 5 percent of ministerial positions. While members of national minorities took an active part Sex dating Angarsk political life, ethnic Russians, who constituted approximately 80 percent of the population, dominated the political and administrative system, particularly at the federal level. The law provides criminal penalties for official corruption, but the government acknowledged difficulty in Sex dating Angarsk the law effectively, and officials often engaged in corrupt practices with impunity.

There were numerous reports of government corruption during the year. Corruption: Corruption was widespread throughout the executive branch, including within the security sector, as well as in the legislative and judicial branches at all levels. Its manifestations included bribery of officials, misuse of budgetary resources, theft of government property, kickbacks in the procurement Sex dating Angarsk, extortion, and improper use of official position to secure personal profits.

While there were prosecutions for bribery, a general lack of enforcement remained a problem. Official corruption continued to be rampant in numerous areas, including education, military conscription, health care, commerce, housing, social welfare, law enforcement, and the judicial system.

Sex dating Angarsk Kudrin, the head of the Accounts Chamber, told media in January that the level of corruption within the country had not decreased and amounted to trillions of rubles. On July 30, media outlets reported that investigators had opened a criminal case against Roman Koval, a member of the ruling United Russia party and a St.

Petersburg Legislative Assembly deputy, for accepting large-scale bribes. There were reports of corruption by government officials at the highest level. There were no indications of an investigation by authorities. Financial Disclosure: The law requires government officials to file extensive declarations Sex dating Angarsk all Sex dating Angarsk real estate they or their immediate family members own and any large expenditure involving land, Sex dating Angarsk, and securities, as well as their incomes.

The law was inconsistently and selectively enforced, and investigative bodies rarely acted upon media reports of undeclared assets held overseas and other alleged violations.

According to Sex dating Angarsk International and investigative reporters, the information officials provided often did not reflect their true income or that of close family members. A variety of domestic and international human rights groups operating in the country investigated and published their findings on human rights cases.

Government officials were rarely cooperative or responsive to their concerns. Official harassment of independent NGOs continued and, in many instances, intensified, particularly of groups that focused on monitoring elections, engaging in environmental activism, exposing corruption, and addressing human rights abuses. NGO activities and international humanitarian assistance in the North Caucasus were severely restricted, especially in Chechnya, which closed its borders in April, purportedly to limit the spread of COVID Authorities continued to use a variety of laws to harass, stigmatize, and in some cases halt the operation of domestic and foreign human rights NGOs see section 2.

Officials often displayed hostility toward the activities of human rights organizations and suggested their work was unpatriotic and detrimental to national security.

Authorities continued to apply a number Sex dating Angarsk indirect tactics to suppress or close domestic NGOs, including the application of various laws and harassment in the form of prosecution, investigations, fines, and raids see sections 1. Authorities generally refused to cooperate with Sex dating Angarsk that were critical of Sex dating Angarsk activities or listed as a foreign agent. A few local NGOs addressed human rights problems in these regions but often chose not to work on politically sensitive topics to avoid retaliation by Sex dating Angarsk authorities.

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Many observers did not consider the member Civic Chamber, composed of government-appointed members from civil society organizations, to be an effective Sex dating Angarsk on the government.

The Presidential Council for Civil Society and Human Rights HRC is an advisory body to the president tasked with monitoring systemic problems in legislation Sex dating Angarsk individual human rights cases, developing proposals to submit to the president and government, and monitoring their implementation.

The president appoints some council members by decree, and not all members operated independently.

Sex dating Angarsk,

On October 1, law enforcement officers forcibly entered her Nizhny Novgorod apartment, ostensibly with a search warrant related to the civil society organization Open Russia. According to media reports, on April 10, prisoners in Penal Colony Number 15 IK in Angarsk rioted after a prison employee beat one of the inmates, leading him to make a video about his ordeal and slash his veins in a failed suicide attempt.